Acid-Base theories and concepts
Explain the Acid - Base Theories and concepts?
1) Classical concept / Arrhenius concept
"An acid is H⁺ containing substance which donate H⁺ ion on dissolving water.
HCl ➝H + Cl⁻
Base:
A base is OH containing substance which donate OH ion on dissolving water.
NaOH ➝ Na⁺ + OH⁻
Advantages:
- Can calculated heat of neiterllization .
- Can find Acid-Base strength.
- Catalytic properties can be determine.
- Limited to aqueous medium only .
- Don't suitable for gaseous phase reaction .
- It contain acid and bases but not H⁺ and OH⁻
According to solvent system concept :
Acid:
In the solvent system definition:
A solute which increase the concentration of cation generated by the auto ionization of solvent is called acid.
NH₄Cl ➝ NH⁺₄ + Cl⁻
Base:
A solute which increase the concentration of anion generated by the auto ionization of solvent is called base .
NaNH₂ ➝ NH⁺₄ + Cl⁻
3) Lowery - Bronsted concept/Protonic Concept:
According to Lowery - Bronsted concept :
Acid:
An acid can be defined as the species which donate or tends to donate H⁺.
Base:
A base can be defined as the species which accept or tends to accept H⁺.
HCl + H₂O ⇋ H₃⁺O + Cl⁻
Acid base c.acid c.base
There are some Lowry - Bronsted acid-base species .
➜Lowery Bronsted Acid:
1) Molecular species:
HCl, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, HCN, H₂O, H₂s etc.
2) Anionic Species:
HCO⁻₃,HSO⁻₄, HS⁻ HpO₄⁻⁻ H₂PO₄⁻ etc.a
3) cationic species:
H₃O⁺,NH⁺₄ , ⟮Cu(H₂O)₄⟯²⁺
➜Lowery Bronsted Based:
1) Molecular Species:
H₂O , NH₃ , CH₃NH₂ etc.
2)Anionic Species:
OH⁻ , HS⁻ , HCO₃⁻ , S⁻² etc.
3) Cationic Species:
⎥Fe(H⁺₂O)₅OH⎟²⁺ , ⎥Cu(H₂O)₃OH⎜⁺
Now we discuss about
- Amphi-protic Species
- Mono Protic Species
- Di Protic Species
Amphi-protic Species are those species which can act both as an acid as well as base .
For example:
H₂O , HS⁻ , HCO₃⁻ , HSO₄⁻
•Mono - Protic Species:
HCl.
•Di - Protic Species :
H₂SO₄.
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