Acid-Base theories and concepts

Explain the Acid - Base Theories and concepts?

1) Classical concept / Arrhenius concept

According  the swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius :
Acid:

"An acid is H⁺ containing substance which donate H⁺ ion on dissolving water.

HCl ➝H + Cl⁻

Base

A base is OH containing substance which donate OH ion on dissolving water.

NaOH ➝ Na⁺ + OH⁻

Advantages

  1. Can calculated heat of neiterllization .
  2. Can find Acid-Base strength.
  3. Catalytic properties can be determine.
Defects:

  1. Limited to aqueous medium only .
  2. Don't suitable for gaseous phase reaction .
  3. It contain acid and bases but not H⁺ and OH⁻
2)Solvent System Definition:

According to solvent system concept :

Acid:

In the solvent system definition:

A solute which increase the concentration of cation generated by the auto ionization of solvent is called acid.

NH₄Cl ➝  NH⁺₄ +  Cl⁻

 Base:

 A solute which increase the concentration of anion generated by the auto ionization of solvent is called base .

NaNH₂ ➝ NH⁺₄ + Cl⁻

 3) Lowery - Bronsted concept/Protonic Concept:

According to Lowery - Bronsted concept : 

Acid:

An acid can be defined as the species which donate or tends to donate H⁺.

Base:

A base can be defined as the species which accept or tends to accept H⁺.

HCl + H₂O ⇋ H₃⁺O + Cl⁻

        Acid    base   c.acid    c.base

There are  some Lowry - Bronsted acid-base species .

➜Lowery Bronsted Acid:

1) Molecular species:

HCl, H₂SO₄, CH₃COOH, HCN, H₂O, H₂s etc.

2) Anionic Species:

HCO⁻₃,HSO⁻₄, HS⁻ HpO₄⁻⁻ H₂PO₄⁻ etc.a

3) cationic species:

H₃O⁺,NH⁺₄ , ⟮Cu(H₂O)₄⟯²⁺

➜Lowery Bronsted Based:

1) Molecular Species:

H₂O , NH₃ , CH₃NH₂ etc.

2)Anionic Species:

OH⁻ , HS⁻ , HCO₃⁻ , S⁻² etc.

3) Cationic Species:

⎥Fe(H⁺₂O)₅OH⎟²⁺ , ⎥Cu(H₂O)₃OH⎜⁺

Now we discuss about 

  • Amphi-protic Species 
  • Mono Protic Species
  • Di Protic Species 
•Amphi- Protic Species:

Amphi-protic Species are those species which can act both as an acid as well as base .

For example:

H₂O , HS⁻ , HCO₃⁻ , HSO₄⁻ 

•Mono - Protic Species:

HCl.

•Di - Protic Species :

H₂SO₄.




 

 





Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

سچ کڑوا ہوتا ہے؟

Nobody's Thinking About You

قربِ الٰہی